000			01624cam a2200169 4500
100	1		_aKARLAS Jan
245			_aExplaining state participation in ten universal WMD treaties: _ba survival analysis of ratification decisions/ _cJan Karlas
260			_c2023
520			_aMuch of what we know about state participation in universal weapons of mass destruction (WMD) treaties is based on research about the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). This article instead analyzes the ratification of all ten current WMD treaties. Using a survival analysis of ratification events (1960-2022), it challenges conventional wisdom. It shows that security threats-a factor stressed by neorealists and research on the NPT-provide only a weak and incomplete explanation. Instead, three types of costs and benefits influence ratification decisions: policy change costs, benefits from the secondary functions of treaties, and benefits from the conformity with the ratification behavior of regional peers. More specifically, the article finds that the possession and pursuit of WMD delays ratification. The country's support for the liberal hegemonic order, the level of its economic development, and a high regional ratification rate of the respective treaty increase the probability of ratification.
650			_aWEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
650			_aTREATIES
650			_aINTERNATIONAL SECURITY
773			_aContemporary Security Policy: _gVol 44, No 3, July 2023, pp410-436
598			_aWMD
856			_uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523260.2023.2211899 _zclick here for full text
945			_i70176-1001 _rY _sY
999			_c43246 _d43246