TY - BOOK AU - HEPPNER Frank H AU - GABEL Jennifer E TI - Avian flight without visual reference: preflight spinning produces spatial disorientation PY - 2007/// KW - INSTRUMENT FLIGHT CONDITIONS KW - PILOT N2 - Birds regularly fly in conditions of reduced visibility where they cannot see the horizon whereas human pilots under similar conditions are subject to spatial disorientation and must therefore rely on instruments to maintain safe flight. This article provides a model for examining certain aspects of SD experienced by pilots under instrument meteorological conditions and studying the mechanisms that make birds relatively resistant to SD ER -