Hard target espionage in the information era: new challenges for the second oldest profession/ Kyle S. Cunliffe

This paper assesses the degree of street surveillance in contemporary Russia and China - including the impact of biometrics and online data history on the defensibility of cover and the severity of advanced CCTV networks - and the solutions intelligence agencies might adopt to address these problems. Despite the possibilities cyberspace offers espionage - for instance, by reducing the need for face to face meetings between intelligence officers and agents - the paper establishes the limitations of technological answers and argues that Western intelligence officers are entering a new era of Moscow and Beijing Rules in which they are more essential than ever and yet need to operate with absolute caution.

CHINA, RUSSIA, USA, INTEL, SECURITY, NATSEC